Enforcing Social Rights Term Paper - 825 Words

Enforcing Social Rights (Term Paper Sample) Content: Enforcing Social Rights Student NameInstitutionIntroductionThere is a general agreement by many authors and authoritarians that every individual is entitled to certain rights and privileges. Numerous treaties have also been ratified to stipulate ways and means of attaining and protecting the said social rights. However, individual social rights continue to be abused in many places in the world, both by fellow citizens and governments. This article makes use of arguments advanced in two publications to advance a discussion on the existence of rights, deprivation of social rights, impediments to the said rights, and effective ways of enforcing adherence to the various social rights provided for by international laws. Human rights continue to be abused in many parts of the world both by fellow citizens and governments mainly because of negligence by individuals and the failure of human rights groups to advocate for adherence to such rights. The publication alluded to are : Ensuring economical social rights by Judith Blau and Economic Social rights by Michael Haas. Blau and Haas agree that various social rights are provided for in writing by domestic as well as international laws. Blau, for example, mentions the international agreements and bodies established to enhance social rights such as the international Labor organization ILO. In addition, Haas also makes mention of various international treaties and organizations established with the sole purpose of enforcing adherence to economic and social rights. Like Blau, Haas also takes note of the ILO as the most significant body that was put in place to enforce adherence to basic social rights. Some of the rights mentioned by the two authors include the right to work, right to fair remuneration, and the right to a good standard of living. Additionally, Haas takes note of a number of other social rights, some of which include; the rights to share wealth and natural resources, the right to make laws tha t are fair to various parties, and the right to fair treatment among many others. Evidence on deprivation of human rights in various parts of the world is provided by the two publications. Blau, for example, mentions deprivation of the right to fair remuneration in the United States financial industry. Also, Haas mentions unemployment and unfair remuneration in developed nations as well as lack of shelter in third world countries, as examples of deprivation of social rights. However, Haas and Blau differ considerably on the implementation of social rights. Blau, makes use of statistical data to demonstrate that the United States lags far behind in adherence to social rights as compared to various industrialized nations. Haas condemns and applauds industrialized nations with equal measure. He does not show preference to any particular industrialized nations. Further on, Haas notes that third world countries have the least attainments owing to inadequacy of funds. with regard to socia l rights. A core argument advanced by the two authors is that rights cannot be enforced without mobilization and involvement of the citizens themselves. The authors agree that without the involvement of citizens, governments and people who are economically endowed will continue to deprive the poor of their rights. Blaus opening remarks states clearly that without the active involvement of people, those with economic ability will continue to determine how nations and the entire world are run. Similarly, Haas alludes to the fact that governments will continue to deprive citizens of their rights unless they make deliberate efforts to claim such rights. Blaus arguments make it clear that rights are not granted unless they are demanded by citizens. Haas goes further to provide real life examples that demonstrate ways of demanding adherence to human rights. Haas publication provides a case scenario in South Africa, where litigation was used to reverse a government decision to deny citize ns of their right to good health. Unity of purpose, community mobilization and vigilance are mentioned by both authors as important steps towards enhancing adherence to social rights. Blau advocates for strengthening of community organizations and human right groups as a means of ensuring that social rights are adhered to by various governments. Haas, on the other hand, advocates for litigation, mobilization and vigilance. Impediments to adhere... Enforcing Social Rights Term Paper - 825 Words Enforcing Social Rights (Term Paper Sample) Content: Enforcing Social Rights Student NameInstitutionIntroductionThere is a general agreement by many authors and authoritarians that every individual is entitled to certain rights and privileges. Numerous treaties have also been ratified to stipulate ways and means of attaining and protecting the said social rights. However, individual social rights continue to be abused in many places in the world, both by fellow citizens and governments. This article makes use of arguments advanced in two publications to advance a discussion on the existence of rights, deprivation of social rights, impediments to the said rights, and effective ways of enforcing adherence to the various social rights provided for by international laws. Human rights continue to be abused in many parts of the world both by fellow citizens and governments mainly because of negligence by individuals and the failure of human rights groups to advocate for adherence to such rights. The publication alluded to are : Ensuring economical social rights by Judith Blau and Economic Social rights by Michael Haas. Blau and Haas agree that various social rights are provided for in writing by domestic as well as international laws. Blau, for example, mentions the international agreements and bodies established to enhance social rights such as the international Labor organization ILO. In addition, Haas also makes mention of various international treaties and organizations established with the sole purpose of enforcing adherence to economic and social rights. Like Blau, Haas also takes note of the ILO as the most significant body that was put in place to enforce adherence to basic social rights. Some of the rights mentioned by the two authors include the right to work, right to fair remuneration, and the right to a good standard of living. Additionally, Haas takes note of a number of other social rights, some of which include; the rights to share wealth and natural resources, the right to make laws tha t are fair to various parties, and the right to fair treatment among many others. Evidence on deprivation of human rights in various parts of the world is provided by the two publications. Blau, for example, mentions deprivation of the right to fair remuneration in the United States financial industry. Also, Haas mentions unemployment and unfair remuneration in developed nations as well as lack of shelter in third world countries, as examples of deprivation of social rights. However, Haas and Blau differ considerably on the implementation of social rights. Blau, makes use of statistical data to demonstrate that the United States lags far behind in adherence to social rights as compared to various industrialized nations. Haas condemns and applauds industrialized nations with equal measure. He does not show preference to any particular industrialized nations. Further on, Haas notes that third world countries have the least attainments owing to inadequacy of funds. with regard to socia l rights. A core argument advanced by the two authors is that rights cannot be enforced without mobilization and involvement of the citizens themselves. The authors agree that without the involvement of citizens, governments and people who are economically endowed will continue to deprive the poor of their rights. Blaus opening remarks states clearly that without the active involvement of people, those with economic ability will continue to determine how nations and the entire world are run. Similarly, Haas alludes to the fact that governments will continue to deprive citizens of their rights unless they make deliberate efforts to claim such rights. Blaus arguments make it clear that rights are not granted unless they are demanded by citizens. Haas goes further to provide real life examples that demonstrate ways of demanding adherence to human rights. Haas publication provides a case scenario in South Africa, where litigation was used to reverse a government decision to deny citize ns of their right to good health. Unity of purpose, community mobilization and vigilance are mentioned by both authors as important steps towards enhancing adherence to social rights. Blau advocates for strengthening of community organizations and human right groups as a means of ensuring that social rights are adhered to by various governments. Haas, on the other hand, advocates for litigation, mobilization and vigilance. Impediments to adhere...

The Prewriting Stage of the Writing Process

The writing process consists of different stages: prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing. Prewriting  is the most important of these steps. Prewriting is the generating ideas part of the writing process when the student works to determine the topic and the position or point-of-view for a target audience. Pre-writing should be offered with the time necessary for a student to create a plan or develop an outline to organize materials for the final product. The pre-writing stage could also be dubbed the talking stage of writing. Researchers have determined that talking plays an important role in literacy. Andrew Wilkinson (1965) coined the phrase oracy, defining it as the ability to express oneself coherently and to communicate freely with others by word of mouth. Wilkinson explained how oracy leads to increased skill in reading and writing. In other words, talking about a topic will improve the writing. This connection between talk and writing is best expressed by the author James Britton (1970) who stated: talk is the sea upon which all else floats.† Prewriting Methods There are a number of ways that students can tackle the prewriting stage of the writing process. Following are a few of the most common methods and strategies that students can use.   Brainstorming - Brainstorming is the process of coming up with as many ideas as possible about a topic without being worried about the feasibility or whether an idea is realistic or not.  A list format is often the easiest to organize. This can be done individually and then shared with the class or done as a group. Access to this list during the writing process can help students make connections they may want to use later in their writing.Freewriting - The free write strategy is when your students write whatever comes into their mind about the topic at hand  for a specific amount of time, like 10 or 15  minutes. In a free write, students should not worry about grammar, punctuation, or spelling. Instead, they should try and come up with as many ideas as they possibly can to help them when they get to the writing process.  Mind Maps - Concept maps or mind-mapping are great strategies to use during the pre-writing stage. Both are visual ways to outline information. There are man y varieties of mind maps that can be quite useful as students work in the prewriting stage. Webbing is a great tool that has students write a word in the middle of a sheet of paper. Related words or phrases are then connected by lines to this original word in the center. They build on the idea so that, in the end, the student has a wealth of ideas that are connected to this central idea. For example, if the topic for a paper were the role of the US President, the student would write this in the center of the paper. Then as they thought of each role that the president fulfills, they could write this down in a circle connected by a line to this original idea. From these terms, the student could then add supporting details. In the end, they would have a nice roadmap for an essay on this topic.  Drawing/Doodling - Some students respond well to the idea of being able to combine words with drawings as they think about what they want to write in the prewriting stage. This can open up cre ative lines of thought.  Asking Questions - Students often  come up with more creative ideas through the use of questioning. For example, if the student has to write about Heathcliffs role in Wuthering Heights, they might begin by asking themselves some questions about him and  the causes of his hatred. They might  ask how a normal person might react to better understand the depths of Heathcliffs malevolence. The point is that these questions can help the student uncover a deeper understanding of the topic before they begin writing the essay.Outlining - Students can employ traditional outlines to help them organize their thoughts in a logical manner. The student would start with the overall topic and then list out their ideas with supporting details. It is helpful to point out to students that the more detailed their outline is from the beginning, the easier it will be for them write their paper.   Teachers should recognize that prewriting that begins in a sea of talk will engage students. Many students will find that combining a couple of these strategies may work well to provide them with a great basis for their final product. They may find that if they ask questions as they brainstorm, free write, mind-map, or doodle, they will organize their ideas for the topic. In short, the time put in up front in the pre-writing stage will make the writing stage much easier.

The Book That Caught My Eye Was Freakonomics A Rogue...

Economics has never been a class I had interest in or felt that I excelled in. Since attending Boise State I have realized that I really enjoy economics and have been learning to understand more about how economics works. In taking this class, we were told to choose a book and do a bibliography. The book that caught my eye was Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything by Steven Lewitt and Stephen J. Dubner. I chose this book because after looking through multiple books, I decided this one was the most interesting. I read the back of the book and was intrigued by Steven Lewitt and how he studies riddles of everyday life. I am going to assess the 6 chapters and give an overall summary and my evaluations of the novel. Freakonomics has three main concepts relating to economics: winner takes all labor market, supply demand and equilibrium price and incentives matter. Chapter 1 starts out with a study on ten day-care centers in Haifa, Isreal. This study lasted twenty weeks. The first four weeks of the study economists kept track of parents who arrived late picking up their child. As a result of these findings, a fine was instilled. This fine was $3 fee for any parent arriving ten minutes late. Economists were thinking that with this fee, the number of child pick ups would drop, but instead the number of late pickups actually increased. Economics found that the incentive had backfired. Here we see one of the concepts found in the book, incentives

Why The Beatles Revolutionized Music and Pop Culture Essay...

So much has been said about the Beatles, they are regarded as one if not the most influential and greatest band of all time. They were not just a great band, their music revolutionized the way music was made back then and even today. Their songwriting skills and their ability to make great music were unmatched. People have said they were ahead of their time and set the standard of songwriting and music making. Not only were they important because of their music, their message of love and peace was a great influence on the world at that time as well. Even after almost fifty plus years, they still have an influence on popular culture and music to this day. In this essay I will make the case why the Beatles revolutionized music and pop†¦show more content†¦When the Beatles came to the United States for the first time to play at the Ed Sullivan Show, that was the start of â€Å"Beatlemania† Girls absolutely loved them and the boys were either jealous of them or wanted to be like them. With their mop top hairstyles and clothing style, more and more boys and men started dressing and have their same type of hairstyles just to be like the Beatles. Even today, teens, young men, and even famous bands these days have adopted the mop top hairstyle. Not only did they bring the mop top hairstyles, they way they dressed was also made famous in that era. The Beatles adopted a different kind of clothes and shoe type of fashion in their early years. During the height of â€Å"Beatlemania,† they usually wore collarless suits and also â€Å"skinny† suits that were not your average looking suits, they were a lot thinner looking. The Beatles also brought a shoe/boot style; they wore tight fitting boots that were ankle length. That shoe style was also heavily imitated by fans of the Beatles; and even to this day, many people and musicians still use that style of footwear. There have been many trends throughout the years that many people have imitated, but a few people can say that those other trends have lasted as long as the Beatles fashion trends have. The Beatles early days were the most relevant for their fashion trends, but even as they became older and matured, they had otherShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation Of Commercial Success And True Artistry1538 Words   |  7 Pagesin the light of mainstream music. Mainstream music has been given a negative connotation due to the supposed lack of originality of the artists. Repetitive chord progressions and meaningless lyrics compose the majority of â€Å"mainstream music,† making each song sound like the next . Despite these patterns in music, artists still ventured outside of what was societally normal and created music that was unheard of. Despite the potential risks in being an individual in the music industry, several groupsRead More The Beatles Influence in Pop Culture Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles Influence in Pop Culture The Beatles were one of the most influential music groups of the rock era. They were able to conquer and influence pop culture with their music. Initially they affected the post-war baby boom generation of Britain and the W.S. during the 1960s, and later the request of the world. Certainly they were the most successful group, with global sales exceeding 1.3 billion albums. During the sixties, The Beatles using revolutionary ideas in their music inspiredRead MoreThe Beatles : The Most Successful Recording Artists Of All Time1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Beatles â€Å"All you need is love†. â€Å"Whisper words of wisdom, let it be†. â€Å"Here comes the sun†. These household phrases are all attributed to one band: The Beatles. Considered the most successful recording artists of all time, this band is one that has transformed the music industry, revolutionized popular culture, and in essence, changed the world. Even the most adamant skeptics cannot deny the contributions of this historic band, and its importance can be evaluated using relevant criteria. TheRead MoreEssay about The Influence on the Beatles on American Culture2706 Words   |  11 Pages The Beatles were more than their music. They influenced the lives of millions of people unlike any musicians before them. They were the first and most popular band in one of the most important music movements in American history, the British Invasion. The year 1964 was the year both the British Invasion and â€Å"Beatlemania† came to America and forever changed the landscape of music in the United States by introducing the genre of pop, as it is today. The Beatles changed the rules of music. ManyRead MoreRevolution of Music Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pages Music has continued to change throughout each decade, but the 1960s was the most influential decade in the history of music. Starting in the early 1950s, rock music was first introduced. Major record labels issued recordings of white singers performing renditions of songs previously released by African American singers (Rock and Roll). These renditions often altered the original lyrics to make them more appropriate. The most prominent star of the 1950s was Elvis Presley, the â€Å"King of rock n’ roll†Read MoreRevolution of music in the 1960s Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution of Music Music has continued to change throughout each decade, but the 1960s was the most influential decade in the history of music. Starting in the early 1950s, rock music was first introduced. Major record labels were releasing new â€Å"cover songs† which were originally made by black artist, but now by white artist (Rock and Roll). These cover songs changed a few lyrics from the original songs to avoid copyright issues and to also make the song more appropriate for the white listenersRead MoreRock N Roll Changed Music2773 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Big Bands. Their children were moving on to a new beat.† (U.S. History) Teenagers started to like this new type of music called rock and roll. It became very popular and artists started to experiment with it which influenced the development of rock n roll throughout the 50’s and 60’s. The experimentation with rock n roll changed music forever and greatly influenced our music today. Rock n roll was mixed with countr y, rhythm, and blues when this combination happened rock n roll kept developingRead MoreRock N Roll Changed Music2774 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Big Bands. Their children were moving on to a new beat.† (U.S. History) Teenagers started to like this new type of music called rock and roll. It became very popular and artists started to experiment with it which influenced the development of rock n roll throughout the 50’s and 60’s. The experimentation with rock n roll changed music forever and greatly influenced our music today. Rock n roll was mixed with country, rhythm, and blues when this combination happened rock n roll kept developingRead MoreGoogle Case Study14862 Words   |  60 Pagesmarkets such as print media. Its attempt to purchase and auction off advertising space in various magazines has also been unsuccessful. Most researchers determine print media as a less effective and slower response printing tactic. Google has revolutionized online and rapid respo nse advertising and are continuing their attempt to upgrade print media advertising. Opportunities: Advertising partnership with Yahoo ? With recent discussions between Microsoft and Yahoo, top officials for bothRead MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market Environment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 Pagesindividual countries are small (Poland dominates, with 39 million consumers) and poor. However, all these economies are growing and opportunities exist from the privatization of industries such as energy generation and railways.16 China and India Why are western nations watching the economies of China and India like hawks? First, both economies are growing at high and consistent rates, although both, like other major economies, have suï ¬â‚¬ered during the recent recession. For the past 20 years, China’s

Forgive and Forget in The Poisonwood Bible by Nathan...

People are taught to â€Å"forgive and forget† in order to be happy, afterall living with a grudge can being a serious damper in ones life. It may be easy to forgive a friend, or even a stranger depending on the situation, but what if the person that had to be forgiven was themselves? In the Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the story is told through multiple points of view. Each member of the Price family is noticeably different, and each have their own inner demons. As each character is unlike, the way they handle their guilt, and search for forgiveness are also different. Some characters like Orleanna Price are forgiven by the end of the novel, and others, such as Nathan Price are not as fortunate. In this story the biggest†¦show more content†¦As a soldier stationed in the Philippines, Nathan ran away from the fray when he was wounded by piece of shrapnel. While in hiding, his unit would meet their death in the infamous Bataan Death March. Nathan is the only one to in his unit to survive. This is root of his guilt and the influence of his actions, for the rest of the story. Nathan, forever guilty of his cowardice, is permanently scarred. â€Å"Hounded by what happened in a Philippine Jungle and the ghosts of a thousand men who didn’t es cape it, his steadfast disdain for cowardice turned to obsession† (Kingsolver,96) Nathan even receives the Purple Heart for â€Å"surviving† the war, the medal isnt for heroism or bravery, its for being wounded. It’s a medal of failure, that further provokes Nathan’s shame. After the war is when Nathan began his strict devotion Christianity, what the reader witnesses throughout the story. This is what leads him to Kilanga, willingly putting his family in danger to spread the name of the lord, in hope of redemption. Nathan’s guilt at having escaped the Bataan death march has twisted his belief in God, he sees God as one who punishes and rewards strictly on the basis of merit. He lives trying to earn his, by pushing the teaching of Christianity to the Congolese. Nathan masks his cowardice using a sort of â€Å"divine right†. He uses god to justify every decision he makes, disregarding anyone elses opinion. â€Å"father needs permission only fr om the SaviourShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Poisonwood Bible 2533 Words   |  11 PagesAnupa Joseph Period 07/24/15 Fernstrom The Poisonwood Bible Reader Response #1: Pages 1-186 Whose Revelation? What is the Revelation? What do the girls learn? Book two is entitled â€Å"The Revelation† and the girls’ sections is entitled â€Å"The Things We Learned.† The Revelation was intended to mainly the Price family, excluding the father. The theme revelation has another definition: apocalypse. In the bible, the apocalypse leads to destruction and demise right before when God makes it a better place

Gcom 123 Study Guide Free Essays

Study Guide for GCOM 123 Students are recommended to know this information for class tests and the final exam. Fundamentals of Communication Chapter 1: Competent Communication What are the most common myths about communication? Explain the differences between the three models of communication: linear, interactive, and transactional. Define the basic communication elements contained in the communication models (channel, sender, receiver, message, encode, decode, context, fields of experience, noise, and feedback) Explain the two aspects of every message: Content and relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Gcom 123 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Understand the communication competence model. How could you enhance your communication competence? What differentiates a constructive communication climate from a destructive communication climate? Chapter 2: Perception of Self and Others Define the perceptual process. What is a perceptual schema (prototype, stereotype, and script)? How is self-concept developed (reflected appraisal, significant others, and society)? What are some of the influences on perception (gender, culture, past experiences, mood, and context)? What is self-disclosure? Define the concepts of depth and breadth in terms of self-disclosure. What are the guidelines for offering and receiving self-disclosure? Why is reciprocal sharing important? Define the term â€Å"self-serving bias†. What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? What does it influence? Define the process of attribution? How does the fundamental attribution error impact competent communication? What is empathy? Chapter 3: Culture and Gender Define what culture is. Explain how culture influences communication. Define ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and multiculturalism. Explain the major differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Explain the major differences between low-power distance and high power-distance cultures. Explain the major differences between feminine and masculine cultures. How does culture influence nonverbal communication? Chapter 4: Language Explain the nature of the relationship in languages from phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and semantics. Define the four essential elements of all languages (structure, productivity, displacement, and self-reflexiveness). Explain the abstracting process (sense experience, description, inference, and judgment). Explain the two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Explain how connotative meaning differs from denotative meaning. What is the difference between a fact and an inference? What are jargon and euphemisms? Chapter 5: Nonverbal Communication What are the differences between verbal and nonverbal channels of communication? What are the functions of nonverbal communication (repetition, substitution, regulation, contradiction, accentuation)? Explain the major types of nonverbal communication (kinesics, paralanguage, territoriality, proxemics, and haptics). Can you identify the kind of nonverbal communication exhibited in an example? Chapter 6: Listening to Others Define listening by its basic elements (comprehending, retaining, and responding). What are the types of listening (informational, critical and empathic)? What are the most common problems that thwart competent informational listening (conversational narcissism, competitive interrupting, glazing over, pseudo-listening, and ambushing)? What are the most common listener response styles used in empathic listening? Interpersonal Communication Chapter 7: Power Define power. Explain the difference between assertiveness and aggressiveness. What are the major power resources (expertise, legitimate authority, reward, punishment, personal qualities)? How is power indicated in communication (verbally and nonverbally)? Chapter 9: Interpersonal Conflict Management Define conflict. Differentiate between destructive and constructive conflict. Define the three internal relational dialectics (openness-closedness, novelty-predictability, and autonomy-connection). How do we address these relational dialectics? Define the five most common conflict negotiation strategies (accommodating, avoiding, controlling, compromising, and collaborating). Group Communication Chapter 10: The Anatomy of Small Groups Define what a small group is. What are the advantages and disadvantages of small groups? What is cohesion? How is it developed? What influence does cohesion have on task and social dimensions of small groups? What are group norms? What is a small group role? What is the difference between formal and informal roles? Explain the difference between the three types of informal group roles (maintenance, task, and disruptive). What is leadership? What are the different approaches to leadership (traits, styles, and situational)? Define the major leadership styles (directive or autocratic; participative or democratic; laissez-faire, and situational). Chapter 11: Effective Groups Explain the distinctions between a team and a group. What is brainstorming? What is critical to its success? Explain the steps in the Standard Agenda. Explain the differences between the major forms of decision-making (majority rule, minority rule, and consensus). What are the benefits and disadvantages of consensus? What is groupthink? How might groupthink be avoided? Public Speaking Chapter 12: Preparing Speeches What are the components of audience analysis (demographics, values, beliefs, attitudes)? What elements of speech making are influenced by audience analysis (preparation and presentation)? Define the general purpose, specific purpose, and central idea in public speaking. What should be considered when choosing a topic (speaker, subject, and person addressed)? How does one avoid plagiarism? What are the types of supporting materials used in speeches? What are the criteria for evaluating supporting material? What are the basic elements of a competent outline (symbols, coherence, completeness, balance, and division)? Identify the organizational pattern used in speeches (topical, spatial, causal, chronological, problem-solution, and Monroe’s Motivated Sequence)? Chapter 13: Presenting Speeches What is speech anxiety? What are some guidelines for managing speech anxiety? What are the critical elements of a speech introduction? What are the critical elements of a speech conclusion? What is the difference between oral and written styles of speech making? What impact do various delivery considerations have on an audience (eye contact, vocal variety, verbal fluency, poise, dynamism)? Explain the differences between the major delivery styles (manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous, and impromptu). Chapter 14: Informative Speaking What distinguished informative speaking from persuasive speaking? What is a transition? What is necessary for an appropriate or effective oral citation? What are the types of visual aids that can be used during a speech? What are guidelines for the competent usage of visual aids? Chapter 15: Persuasive Speaking Define persuasion. What are the primary dimensions of credibility (competence trustworthiness, dynamism, and composure)? Define the three Aristotelian modes of proof (ethos, logos, and pathos). Identify propositions of fact, value and policy. How to cite Gcom 123 Study Guide, Essay examples

Pricing Decision free essay sample

Week 4 Assignment Pricing Decisions BUS 612-Advanced Project Procurement October 01, 2012 Pricing Decision One of the most important and complex decisions a firm has to make is how much to pay for its items and services. The buying professional should be able to detect easily exceptionally high prices. Thus, it is necessary to give meticulous consideration to pricing decision when buying products and services. Pricing is one of the most important decisions a marketer makes regarding a product since price plays a crucial role in competitiveness and consumer demand.Marketers must determine price at the initial stage of a products life and re-evaluate pricing to manage the delicate balance between production and profits (Benton, 2010). No product can succeed if its pricing is too out of line with standards in its industry. A thirty ounce can of peanuts no matter how good cannot be priced at ten dollars and expect to draw a consumer following that allows it to achieve beyond a niche in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Pricing Decision or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When developing pricing strategy, managers must do a thorough evaluation of competitor pricing to determine the prevailing pricing structures and how their product is positioned. Pricing StrategyPricing strategy refers to method companies use to price their products or services. Almost all companies, large or small, base the price of their products and services on production, labor and advertising expenses and then add on a certain percentage so they can make a profit. There are several different pricing strategies, such as penetration pricing, price skimming, discount pricing, product life cycle pricing and even competitive pricing (Stevenson, 2010). When considering how a price should be set, one fundamental question should be answered, what the organization is attempting to achieve with this price (Indounas, 2009). How the product is priced has an effect on the success of the company. â€Å"Price reflects more than cost and profit; pricing decisions also must be based on the degrees of competition and buyer seller relationships† (Benton, 2010 p. 297). Prices must cover cost, be set to preserve equilibrium in the market place, and set to assure sales. â€Å"In order for the purchasing professional to survive as an effective buyer, she or he must have an adequate understanding of economics and psychology. In addition, the federal, state, and local laws that affect price also must be followed† (Benton, p. 294, 2010). In today’s competitive environment in which customers are demanding more service and quality, market pricing is perhaps the most popular approach. Market pricing is in the interests of both the selling firm and the buying firm. In the end, the buying firm must determine whether the purchase price fits its competitive cost structure (p. 294). Pricing strategy refers to method companies use to price their products or services. Almost all companies, large or small, base the price of their products and services on production, labor and advertising expenses and then add on a certain percentage so they can make a profit.There are several different pricing strategies, such as penetration pricing, price skimming, discount pricing, product life cycle pricing and even competitive pricing. Benton (2010) discusses pricing strategy as Price-Setting strategy: Economic and Price-Making Strategy: Psychological. The price setting, economic focus on â€Å"target† market pricing, target pricing is practiced when the buying firm determines whether the purchase price fits its competitive cost structure. Price-making strategy consists of several types of discounts, trade discounts, quantity discounts, and cash discounts (Benton, 2010).Mullins (p. 307, 2010) outlines several other pricing strategies, such as, market skimming, market penetrations, price adaptation and cost-plus pricing. Market skimming involves charging the highest possible price for a given product; market penetration is a strategy to keep prices relatively low in order to gain market share; price adaptation keeps prices relatively low in order to gain market share, and cost-plus pricing assures that all costs, both fixed and variable are covered in the desired percentages (p. 71). Company Using Purchasing Strategy Dell is a company that has used a purchasing strategy to improve the financial impact of the company. Historically, prices were determined through bargaining or negotiations between buyers and sellers. Different prices were set based on the buyer needs and bargaining skill. The establishment of one price for every customer is relatively new phenomenon that came about with the rise of retailers but price still remains a major factor in affecting consumer-buying decisions.The ability of price to affect consumer decision and its flexibility makes pricing strategies important in meeting Dell’s objectives in a competitive environment (Dell 10-K, 2005). The main objective of Dell is to produce the low price and profitable notebook for the customer. For Dell Company, all the prices that they sell are posed to the internet and that is usually based on the e-commerce market (eweek, 2001). The main reason for successful pricing strategy is having a reasonably precise idea of supply and demand.Dell Company has set different types of pricing based on the home user, small business user and medium or large business user. The pricing structure changes as the products move through their life cycle. Dell is the low-cost leader in the industry. Dell’s highly efficient supply chain management and manufacturing organization, efficient direct business model, and concentration on standards-based technologies allow â€Å"Dell to maintain the lowest cost structure among its major competitors, and to pass those savings to its customers.